Introduction
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Classification and Evolution
 
   I. Kingdoms of Life
    A. Eubacteria

    B. Archaeobacteria

    C. Protista
    D. Plantae
    E. Fungi

    F. Animalia

   II. Patterns of Organization
    A. Levels of Structural Organization
      1. cytoplasmic or unicellular

      2. multicellular

      3. Tissue level

      4. Organs

      5. Organ system
       

    B. Germ Layers
     
      1. ectoderm

      2. mesoderm

      3. endoderm
       

    -diploblastic
    -triploblastic

    C. Symmetry

      1. Asymmetric

      2. Spherical

      3. Radial
       

        a. biradial

        b. pentaradial

      4. Bilateral
       
    D. Cephalization and Polarity

    E. Metamerism

    G. Body Cavities

      1. Acoelomates

      2. Pseudocoelomates

      3. Coelomates
       

        a. Division by coelom formation in embryo
         
          i) Schizocoelomates
           
                    ii) Enterocoelomates

        b. Division by mouth origination in embryo
         

          i) Protostomes
           
                    ii) Deuterostomes
III. Evidence of Evolution
    A. Comparative Adult Morphology
     
      1. Homologous Structures

      2. Analogous Structures
       

    B. Vestigial structures

    C. Embryological relationships

    D. Physiological, biochemical, genetic, and cytological data

    E. Geology and Paleontology
     

      1. PreCambrian Era

      2. Paleozoic Era

      3. Mesozoic Era

      4. Cenozoic Era

IV. Taxonomy
    A. Hierarchical system
     
      1. Kingdom

      2. Phylum

      3. Class

      4. Order

      5. Family

      6. Genus

      7. Species
       

    B. Nomenclature Guidelines

    C. Taxonomy vs. Systematics
     

      1. Evolutionary systematists

      2. Cladists (Phylogenetic systematics)

      3. Numerical taxonomists