Ecosystem Studies

1. Watershed approach

describe methods

describe requirements and characteristics

2. Findings

out>in - why?

3. Findings re: disturbed vegetation at Hubbard Brook

increased runoff

increase (NO3 Ca K) loss

variation among systems in response to disturbance (richer sites lose more N)

Analysis and Synthesis Methods

1. Mass balance

2. water balance

3. budgets

4. isotope studies

5. fertilization experiments

6. remote sensing

7. computer models

Problems

1. replication

2. controls

3. changing climate

4. non-steady-state processes

5. complexity/simplicity